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In Verrem "Against Verres" is a series of speeches made by Cicero in 70 BC, during the corruption and extortion trial of Gaius Verresthe former custom made speeches of Sicily. The speeches, which were concurrent with Cicero's election to the aedileshipcustom made speeches, paved the way for Cicero's public career. During the Civil War between Marius and Sulla 88—87 BCVerres had been a junior officer in a Marian legion under Gaius Papirius Carbo.
He saw the tides of the war shifting to Sulla, and so, Cicero alleged, went over to Sulla's lines bearing his legion's paychest. Afterwards, he was protected to a degree by Sulla, and allowed to indulge a skill for gubernatorial extortion in Cilicia under the province's governor, Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella in 81 BC. In Sicily, Verres was alleged to have despoiled temples and used a number of national emergencies, including the Third Servile Warcustom made speeches, as cover for elaborate extortion plots.
At the same time, Marcus Tullius Cicero was an up-and-coming political figure. After defending Sextus Roscius of Ameria in 80 BC on a highly politically charged case of parricideCicero left for a voyage to Greece and Rhodes. There, he learned a new and less-strenuous form of oratory from Molon of Rhodes before rushing back into the political arena upon Sulla's death. Cicero would serve in Sicily in 75 BC as a quaestorand in doing so made contacts with a number of Sicilian towns.
In fact a large amount of his clientele at the time came from Sicily, custom made speeches, a link that would prove invaluable in 70 BC, when a deputation of Sicilians asked Cicero to level a prosecution against Verres for his alleged crimes on the island. The first speech was the only one to be delivered in front of the praetor urbanus Manius Acilius Glabrio.
In it, Cicero took advantage of the almost unconditional freedom to speak in court to demolish Verres' case. Cicero touched very little on Verres' extortion crimes in Sicily in the first speech. Instead, he took a two-pronged approach, by both inflating the vanity of the all- senator jury and making the most of Verres' early character. The second approach concerned Verres' defense's attempts to keep the case from proceeding on technicalities.
Verres had secured the services of the finest orator of his day, Quintus Hortensius Hortalus custom made speeches his defense.
Immediately, both Verres and Hortensius realized that the court as composed under Glabrio was inhospitable to the defense, and began to try to derail the prosecution by procedural tricks that had the effect of delaying or prolonging the trial, custom made speeches.
This was done by first trying to place a similar prosecution on the docket, to take place before Verres' trial, one concerning a governor of Bithynia for extortion. The point of the attempted derailment of the case hinged on Roman custom. At the time the case was being argued, the year was coming custom made speeches a close and soon a number of public festivals including one in honor of Pompey the Great would commence.
All work ceased on festival days, according to Roman customs, including any ongoing trials. Cicero custom made speeches that Hortensius was hoping to draw the trial out long enough to run into the festival period before Cicero would have an opportunity to conclude his case, custom made speeches, thereby making it a statistical impossibility that Glabrio and the jury would deliver a verdict before the new year, when the magistrates were replaced with their newly elected successors.
Hortensius and Verres both knew, custom made speeches, Cicero argued, that Marcus Metellus, a friend and ally of Verres, would be in charge of the extortion court in the new year, and so saw a benefit to such a gaming of the system.
In addition, Hortensius himself, along with Quintus MetellusMarcus's older brother, had been elected consuls for the same year, and would thus be in prime position to intimidate the witnesses when the case resumed after the expected lull. As such, Verres and his supporters were supremely confident of victory.
Indeed, Cicero remarked that, immediately after the election of Hortensius and Metellus, one of his friends had heard the former consul Gaius Scribonius Curio publicly congratulate Verres, declaring that he was now as good as acquitted. Cicero, too, had a unique strategy in mind for his prosecution.
In 81 BC, the Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix had changed the composition of criminal courts, allowing only Senators to serve as jurymen. This had, apparently, caused friction and at least the appearance of "bought" justice, particularly when Senators were the accused, or the interests of a popular or powerful Senator were threatened.
There had also been, concurrent with this, an almost perpetual scandal of wealthy senators and knights bribing juries to gain verdicts favorable to them.
By 70, as the trial against Verres was proceeding, Lucius Aurelius Cotta had introduced a law that would reverse Sulla's restrictions on jury composition, once again opening the juries up to Senators, Equites and tribuni aerarii as a check on such over-lenient juries. Cicero devoted a significant amount of time in his oration to the perception of Senatorial juries, arguing that not only was Verres custom made speeches trial for his malfeasance in Sicily, but the Senate was on trial as well for charges of impropriety, and that whatever verdict they handed down to Verres would reflect on them to either their credit or shame.
The surest way, Cicero argued, to get the Lex Aurelia iudiciaria passed and take the juries away from the Senate was to acquit Verres on all charges. Further, to counteract Hortensius' attempts to draw the trial out, Cicero begged the court's indulgence to allow him to alter the trial's flow from the usual format. In normal trials, custom made speeches prosecution and defense would make a series of adversarial speeches before witnesses were called.
Custom made speeches realized that this would inevitably drag out the proceedings past the new year, and so he requested that he be allowed to call witnesses immediately to buttress his charges, before the speeches were made. The first speech custom made speeches touched more on the sharp practice of Verres and his attorney, Hortensius, in trying to derail or delay the trial. In the second, infinitely more damning speech, Cicero laid out the full charge sheet. The second speech apparently was meant to have been his rebuttal speech had the trial continued, custom made speeches, as it alludes to witnesses as already having testified in front of Glabrio's court.
Cicero enumerated a number of charges against Verres during his tenure as governor of Sicily. The main ones that serve as the greatest portion of the text concern a naval scandal that Verres had fomented as a complex means of embezzlement. These were that he subverted Roman security by accepting a bribe from the city of Messana to release custom made speeches from their duty of providing a ship for the Roman fleet and that he fraudulently discharged men from fleet service, did not mark them down as discharged, and pocketed their active duty pay.
Pirates that were captured were sometimes sold under the table by Verres as slaves, rather than being executed, as Cicero argues was the proper punishment. To camouflage the fact that this was going on, Cicero further accuses Verres of administratively shuffling around the pirates to cities that had no knowledge of them and substituting others in their place on the execution block.
Moreover, custom made speeches, Cicero alleges that Verres placed a crony of his, Cleomenes by name, as commander of a fleet expedition to destroy a group of pirates in the area the reason being, Cicero argues, to keep him out of reach as Verres cuckolded him and that Cleomenes, custom made speeches, due to incompetence, allowed the pirates to enter into Syracuse harbor and sack the town.
Further, after the abject failure of Cleomenes' expedition, to keep the blame off himself for allowing the fleet to go out undermanned and ill-led, Verres ordered all the ships' captains except for Cleomenes to be executed. More charges were levelled outside of this naval affair.
They include:. Of the planned orators, only Cicero had an opportunity to speak. Cicero detailed Verres' early crimes and Verres' attempts to derail the trial.
Soon after the court heard Cicero's speeches, Hortensius advised Verres that it would be hard for him to win at this point, custom made speeches, and further advised that the best course of action was for Verres to essentially plead no contest by going into voluntary exile an option open to higher-ranking Romans in his situation. By the end of 70 BC, custom made speeches, Verres was living in exile in Massilia, custom made speeches, modern-day Marseilleswhere he would live the rest of his life history records he was killed during the proscriptions of the Second Triumvirate over a sculpture desired by Mark Antony.
Custom made speeches collected the remaining material, including what was to be his second speech dealing with Verres' actions in Sicily, and published it as if it had actually been delivered in court, custom made speeches. Further, due to the legal system in Rome, custom made speeches, Senators who won prosecutions were entitled to the accused's position in the Senate. This gave Cicero's career a boost, in a large part because this allowed him a freedom to speak not usually granted to a newly enrolled member of the Senate.
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Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 2015 Wellesley College Commencement Speaker
, time: 20:49Die Luft der Freiheit weht
Die Luft der Freiheit weht - On and Off Every so often, Stanford wonders how it came by the German motto "Die Luft der Freiheit weht." 1 The basic outlines of the story are by now well established, including the fact that the "German" motto is actually the German translation of a Latin text. However, the accounts that I have seen are rather unsatisfactory concerning the question of how Aug 14, · Find all the inspiration you can. Search for and save your favorite graduation speeches, look for the perfect quotes, and try to determine the key themes to what inspires you. Pick a theme. Once you’ve found all your inspiration sources and come up with a general idea of what you want to talk about, make a list of key themes Jun 02, · Joe Biden delivers one of the most powerful speeches of his presidency Biden became the first president to participate in a remembrance of what
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