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Master thesis internal control all the discussions of the origin of the COVID pandemic, master thesis internal control, enormous scientific attention has been paid to the molecular character of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, including its novel genome sequence in comparison with its near relatives. This neglect is surprising because their provenance is more than interesting.
Very shortly before, in the spring ofsix miners working in the mine had contracted a mysterious illness and three of them had died Wu et al. The evidence it contains has led us to reconsider everything we thought we knew about the origins of the COVID pandemic.
It has also led us to theorise a plausible route by which an apparently isolated disease outbreak in a mine in led to a global pandemic in The origin of SARS-CoV-2 that we propose below is based on the case histories of these miners and their hospital treatment.
This simple theory accounts for all the key features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, including ones that have puzzled virologists since the outbreak began. The theory can account for the origin of the polybasic furin cleavage site, which is a region of the viral spike protein that makes it susceptible to cleavage by the host enzyme furin and which greatly enhances viral spread in the body.
This furin site is novel to SARS-CoV-2 compared to its near relatives Coutard, master thesis internal control, et al. The theory also explains the exceptional affinity of the virus spike protein for human receptors, which has also surprised virologists Letko et al, master thesis internal control. The theory further explains why the virus has barely master thesis internal control since the pandemic began, which is also a deeply puzzling aspect of a virus supposedly new to humans Zhan et al.
Lastly, the theory neatly explains why SARS-CoV-2 targets the lungs, which is unusual for a coronavirus Huang et al. We do not propose a specifically genetically engineered or biowarfare origin for the virus but the theory does propose an essential causative role in the pandemic for scientific research carried out by the laboratory of Zheng-li Shi at the WIV; thus also explaining Wuhan as the location of the epicentre.
The apparent origin of the COVID pandemic is the city of Wuhan in Hubei province, China. There are two virology labs in the city, both have either collected bat coronaviruses or researched them in the recent past.
To add to these suggestive data points, there is a long history of accidents, disease outbreaks, and even pandemics resulting from lab accidents with viruses Furmanski, ; Weiss et al, master thesis internal control. For these and other reasons, summarised in our article The Case is Building that COVID Had a Lab Originwe a virologist and a geneticist and others have concluded that a lab outbreak is a credible thesis. Certainly, a lab origin has at least as much circumstantial evidence to support it as does any natural master thesis internal control origin theory Piplani et al.
The media, normally so enamoured of controversy, has largely declined even master thesis internal control debate the possibility of a laboratory escape. Many news sites have simply labelled it a conspiracy theory.
The principal reason for media dismissals of the lab origin possibility is a review paper in Nature Medicine Andersen et al. Although by Jun 29 this review had almost citations it also has major scientific shortcomings.
The question of the origin of master thesis internal control COVID pandemic is, in outline, simple. There are two incontrovertible facts. One, the disease is caused by a human viral pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, first identified in Wuhan in December and whose RNA genome sequence is known.
Second, all of its nearest known relatives come from bats. Beyond any reasonable doubt SARS-CoV-2 evolved from an ancestral bat virus. The task the Nature Medicine authors set for themselves was to establish the relative merits of each of the various possible routes lab vs natural by master thesis internal control a bat coronavirus might have jumped to humans and in the same process have acquired an unusual furin site and a spike protein having very high affinity for the human ACE2 receptor, master thesis internal control.
When Andersen et al. outline a natural zoonotic pathway they speculate extensively about how the leap might have occurred, master thesis internal control. In particular they elaborate on a proposed residence in intermediate animals, likely pangolins, master thesis internal control.
This leaves the insertion of [a] polybasic cleavage site to occur during human-to-human transmission. Even with these speculations there are major gaps in this theory, master thesis internal control. For example, why is the virus so well adapted to humans? Why Wuhan, which is 1, Km from Guangdong?
See map. The authors provide no such speculations in favour of the lab accident thesis, only speculation against it:. speeding up their evolution. It is also noteworthy that the Andersen authors set a higher hurdle for the lab thesis than the zoonotic thesis.
In their account, the lab thesis is required to explain all of the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from its presumed bat viral ancestor, whereas under their telling of the zoonotic thesis the key step of the addition of the furin site is allowed to happen in humans and is thus effectively unexplained.
A further imbalance is that key information needed to judge the merits of a lab origin theory is missing from their account. As we detailed in our previous article, in their search for SARS-like viruses with zoonotic spillover potential, researchers at the WIV have passaged master thesis internal control bat viruses in monkey and human cells Wang et al. They have also performed many recombinant experiments with diverse bat coronaviruses Ge et al.
Such experiments have generated international concern over the possible creation of potential pandemic viruses Lipsitch, As we showed too, the Shi lab had also won a grant to extend that work to whole live master thesis internal control. Yet Andersen et al did not discuss this research at all, except to say:. A further important oversight by the Andersen authors concerns the history of lab outbreaks of viral pathogens.
This is a rather matter-of-fact allusion to the fact that since there have been six documented outbreaks of SARS from labs, not all in China, with some leading to fatalities Furmanski, Andersen et al might have also have noted that two major human pandemics are widely accepted to have been caused by lab outbreaks of viral pathogens, H1N1 in and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis master thesis internal control in Furmanski, Andersen could even have noted that literally hundreds of lab accidents with viruses have resulted in near-misses or very localised outbreaks summarised by Lynn Klotz and Sam Husseini and also Weiss et al.
Also unmentioned were instances where a lab outbreak of an experimental or engineered virus has been plausibly theorised but remains uninvestigated. If so, H1N1 emerged from a lab not once but twice. Given that human and livestock viral outbreaks have frequently come from laboratories and that many scientists have warned of probable lab escapes Lipsitch and Galvani,and that the WIV itself has a questionable biosafety recordthe Andersen paper is not an even-handed treatment of the possible origins of the COVID virus.
It is improbable that SARS-CoV-2 emerged through laboratory manipulation of a related SARS-CoV-like coronavirus…., master thesis internal control. the genetic data irrefutably show that SARS-CoV-2 is not derived from any previously used backbone…. the evidence shows that SARS-CoV2 is not a purposefully manipulated virus…, master thesis internal control.
we do not believe that any type of laboratory-based scenario is possible. It is hard not to conclude that what their paper mostly shows is that Drs. Andersen, Rambaut, Lipkin, Master thesis internal control and Garry much prefer the natural zoonotic transfer thesis. Their rhetoric is forthright but the evidence does not support that confidence. Indeed, since the publication of Andersen et al, master thesis internal control.
Additionally, new research on pangolins, the favoured intermediate mammal host, suggests they are not a natural reservoir of coronaviruses Lee et al. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 was found not to replicate in bat kidney or lung cells Rhinolophus sinicusimplying that SARS-CoV-2 is not a recently-adapted spill over Chu et al.
See FIG 1. reproduced from P. Zhou et al. For comparison, the next closest virus to SARS-CoV-2 is RmYN02 not shown in Fig 1. RmYN02 has an overall similarity to SARS-CoV-2 of It is a nucleotide virus fragment collected from the Mojiang mine in by the lab of Zeng-li Shi at the WIV Ge et al. RaTG13 is a complete viral genome sequence almost 30, nucleotides that was only published inafter the pandemic began P, master thesis internal control.
They are thus sequences from the same virus. These specifics are important because it is these samples and their provenance that we believe are ultimately key to unravelling the mystery of the origins of COVID The story begins in April when six workers in that same Mojiang mine fell ill from a mystery illness while removing bat faeces.
Three of the six subsequently died. In a March interview with Scientific American Zeng-li Shi dismissed the significance of these deaths, claiming the miners died of fungal infections. Indeed, no miners or deaths are mentioned in the paper published by the Shi lab documenting the collection of RaTG13 Ge et al.
As these authors have pointed out, master thesis internal control, Science magazine wrote up part of the incident in as A New Killer Virus in China?
Science was citing a different team of virologists who found a paramyxovirus in rats from the mine. This expedition was later published as the discovery of a new virus called MojV after Mojiang, the locality of the mine Wu et al.
What this episode suggests though is that these researchers were looking for a potentially lethal virus and not a lethal fungus. Also searching the Mojiang mine for a virus at around the same time was Canping Huang, the author of a PhD thesis carried out under the supervision of George Gao, the head of the Chinese CDC. All of this begs the question of why the Shi lab, master thesis internal control, which has no interest in fungi but a great interest in SARS-like bat coronaviruses, also searched the Master thesis internal control mine for bat viruses on four separate occasions between August and Julymaster thesis internal control, even though the mine is a 1, Km from Wuhan Ge et al.
These collecting trips began while some of the miners were still hospitalised. To read it in full see the embedded document below or download it here. Analysis of Six Patients With Unknown Viruses PDF. Analysis of Six Patients With Unknown Viruses Text.
The six ill miners were admitted to the No. School of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, in short succession in late April and early May Kunming is the capital of Yunnan province and Km from Mojiang. Of the descriptions of the miners and their treatments, which include radiographs and numerous CAT scans, several features stand out:.
a potential epidemic outbreak. Thus, the miners were treated for infections and not as if they had inhaled noxious gases or other toxins.
Some patients had hiccoughs and headaches. See Table 1. Additionally, a tendency for thrombosis was noted in patients 2 and 4. Symptom severity and mortality were age-related though from a sample of 6 this must be considered anecdotal. For patients 3 and 4 these included tests for HIV, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus EBVJapanese encephalitis, haemorrhagic fever, Dengue, Hepatitis B, SARS, and influenza.
Of these, only patient 2 tested positive for Hepatitis and EBV. Antibiotics and antifungal medications were administered to counter what were considered secondary but significant co-infections.
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The Master’s programs offer a large flexibility in terms of subjects’ choices. They can be shaped as highly specialized, or oriented towards transdisciplinarity. EPFL also offers a range of double diplomas and joint degrees via alliances with certain international academic partners. The structure of most programs includes modules that are either called a minor or () Jul 15, · The Master’s thesis also states its regret that no samples for research were taken from patients 1 and 2, implying that samples were taken from all the others. We further know that, on June 27th, , the doctors performed an unexplained thymectomy on patient 4 Advance your career with a top-ranked, award-winning, and nationally recognized digital forensics education. Champlain's online master's in digital forensics degree develops students into scientists through an inspired, cutting-edge curriculum, closely aligned with emerging technology and new trends in
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