Early life. Wang was born on December 31, in Beijing, China. He earned a BA in South Asian studies from the University of Washington, attended Harvard University from to , then later worked for the International Committee of the Red Cross in Afghanistan. At Princeton, his thesis adviser is the historian Stephen Kotkin.. Detention in Iran. In , Iran gave Wang a visa to study Apr 28, · Founded in , Princeton University is the fourth oldest university of higher education in the United States. Princeton is a pioneer in research that offers undergraduate and graduate courses in engineering, social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities. It also provides an array of professional degrees as well. Some of the popular majors offered by the university include Public Policy Only around 1, of the USA’s 4, or so universities award doctoral degrees, but that’s still quite a lot of options to make sense of!. Thankfully, the differences between institution types and naming conventions aren’t that important at PhD level. It doesn’t generally matter whether somewhere refers to itself as a ‘college’, ‘school’ or ‘university’ (these terms often
Princeton and the Erosion of Expertise | Solveig Gold | First Things
This guide is no longer updated and will be removed a year from now march We are also working on a separate guide for scientific writing that will replace some parts of this guide.
The main sources used in science are reseach articles and review articles published in peer-reviewed academic journals. Other common source types are books and chapters from edited books and websites are also sometimes used. As a general rule, you can say that within science it is still more acknowledged to use the more traditional sources, i. research articles, review articles, books and chapters in books than websites.
Since library databases include citations to all sorts of sources it's important to be able to identify different types, phd thesis princeton university. A research article or original phd thesis princeton university or research paper is an article published in an academic journal where researchers publish the results of their original, empirical research and it is a primary source.
A very important part of the research article publishing process is peer reviewing. Peer reviewing is a process that academic journals use to ensure the articles they publish are of high quality. When an article is submitted to a peer reviewed journal, the editors send it out to other researchers in the same field the author's peers to get their opinion on the quality of the work, its relevance to the field, its appropriateness for the journal, etc.
Abstract: A brief, comprehensive summary of the article, written by the author s of the article. R esults : Summarize, analyze and present the data. It should be sufficiently detailed to justify the conclusions. D iscussion : The authors explain how the data fits their original hypothesis, compare with other results, state their conclusions, and look at the theoretical and practical implications of their research. A review article is an attempt by one or more scientists to sum up and analyze the current state of the research on phd thesis princeton university particular topic.
Since a review article sums up results published in primary research articles it is a secondary source. Review articles give you information on the background and context of a subject as well as the main people working in a field, recent major advances and discoveries, significant gaps in the research, current debates phd thesis princeton university ideas of where research might go next. Review articles are virtual gold mines if you want to find out what the key articles are for a given topic.
Unlike phd thesis princeton university articles, review articles are good places to get a basic idea about a topic. There are different types of review articles:. Textbooks offer a broad-based foundation to the study of subject. There are also more advanced textbooks, but still textbooks contain well established knowledge and the latest findings are usually not included.
Specialist topic books deals with more narrow topics in a more scientific way. Specialist topic books are often edited i, phd thesis princeton university. the different chapters in the book are written by different authors who are experts at their part of the topic respectively. In edited books it is the chapter that is the entity you are using as a source and what you are going to write a reference to. Since writing a reference to a chapter from an edited book differs from writing a reference to a full book you will find specific instructions on how to write a correct reference to a chapter from an edited book in the section about "How to write Reports are written documents which present focused, salient content, generally to a specific audience.
Reports are often published by different governmental bodies, i. Environmental Protection Agencies, but it is also common within business, education, science, and other fields, and are often to display the result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry. Reports are not at all as strictly defined as a research article. A website is a page or collection of pages on the World Wide Web that contains specific information which was all provided by one person or entity and traces back to a common Uniform Resource Locator URL.
Anyone can publish anything on the web. So be careful! You should be very critical and try to find out as much as you can about the authors of a website before you use it as a source. There are lots of information on how to evaluate the quality of a website, see phd thesis princeton university below.
A quick start is to take a look at the letters after the dot in the link:. You should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations, photographs, phd thesis princeton university, diagrams, tables or figures that you reproduce in your work, and provide a full reference as with any other type of source you use. When you use an image or a picture you did not create yourself, you must provide a citation and most often you have to get permission from the copyright holder to use the image.
When you have got information by talking with a person you should address this as personal communication. Personal communication is denoted pers. in the text. It looks like phd thesis princeton university using Internet Explorer 11 or older.
This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge, phd thesis princeton university. If you phd thesis princeton university with this browser, you may see unexpected results. LUB LibGuides Sources, citing and referencing at Biology Department, Lund University Sources Sök i den här guiden Sök.
Sources, citing and referencing at Biology Department, Lund University: Sources. Reference Managing Tools Contact References to law resources only in Swedish. NEW GUIDE AVAILABLE This guide is no longer updated and will be removed a year from now march Sources The main sources used in science are reseach articles and review articles published in peer-reviewed academic journals. Research article A research article or original article or research paper is an article published in an academic journal where researchers publish the results of their original, empirical research and it is a primary source, phd thesis princeton university.
Research articles typically follow a particular format often denoted IMRAD and include specific elements that show how the research study was designed, how the data was gathered, phd thesis princeton university, how it was analyzed, and what the conclusions are. Sometimes these sections may be labelled a bit differently, but these basic elements are consistent:. a nd D iscussion : The authors explain how the data fits their original hypothesis, compare with other results, state their conclusions, and look at the theoretical and practical implications of their research.
References: A list of all sources cited in the article. How to read a scientific paper. Research Tutorial- Hints for reading scientific journal articles. How to read academic research by Dr. James Russell, Texas Tech University. Review article A review article is an attempt by one or more scientists to sum up and analyze the current state of the research on a particular topic. Cronin, P.
Undertaking a literature review: a step-by-step approach. Meta-analysis - "Meta-analysis is a statistical technique for combining the results of different studies to see if the overall effect is significant". McDonald, J. Handbook of Biological Statistics 3 ed. Sparky House Publishing, phd thesis princeton university, Baltimore.
Books There are different types of books: Textbooks offer a broad-based foundation to the study of subject. edu which denotes education. ac denotes academic. org denotes organisation. gov denotes government, phd thesis princeton university. com denotes commercial. soc denotes society. Evaluating information sources University of British Columbia Library, phd thesis princeton university.
Evaluating information KIB. Images, maps, pictures etc. Personal communication When you have got information by talking with a person you should address this as personal communication. Taggar: biologycitingecologyreferencing.
Writing a Princeton Thesis in One Week
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Close this paragraph with a catchy thesis statement. It should contain a sentence about the aim of the paper and a hook to engage the audience; Main paragraphs. Their quantity depends on the number of issues you want to discuss. Start every paragraph with a topic sentence and then support it with arguments and additional details Feb 26, · How to write correct references according to the style used at the Department of Biology, Lund University. The style used at the Department of Biology, Lund University is a classical Harvard style. There are many good referencing guides for Harvard styles since it is one of the most used, and some are given in the section on recommended books Jun 10, · And why require, as Princeton does, all undergraduates to conduct original research and write original scholarship in the form of a senior thesis? The University does aim to produce experts, or at least experts-in-training, at the undergraduate level—explicitly so. And more importantly, perhaps, the University aims to produce alumni who will
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